Perm Journal of Petroleum and Mining Engineering

In order to detect, determine thickness and localize hydrocarbon accumulations there are qualitative and quantitative methods of interpretation still in use. Such methods are not divided into geological criteria and geophysical features which cause certain error. The study is based on the theory of appearance processes and composition formation as well as on conditions of occurrence of oil and gas. Deep structure such as gas-steam-conductive faults and oil-gas-steam-distributing faults of low order were studied. All the features of its determination under natural conditions of occurrence were integrated. Based on listed above and on results of several years of experimental and operating works, carried by other scientists in order to discover hydrocarbon accumulation in geological structure the authors determined and grouped geological criteria and geophysical features. Furthermore, during determination of geological criteria and geophysical features following petrophysical parameters of reservoir properties are determined: porosity, saturation, effective porosity, reservoirs density and speed of seismic wave propagation in the rock, rock and fluid resistivity. It should be noted, that during interpretation of seismic data to discover hydrocarbon migration tame and deep cross-sections as well as simultaneous cross-sections, frequencies and phases were used. The charts of amplitudes, frequencies, phases and its dispersion, decrement and attenuation coefficients that are equivalents to absorption coefficients and differences of elastic vibrations of reflected waves were used. Finally, having these parameters determined geological criteria and geophysical features of discovery of hydrocarbon accumulations under natural conditions of occurrence were grouped.

Oil and gas needs growth, depletion of reserves of basement cover as well as amplification of physical, geographical and geological condition of exploration require prospecting for unconventional hydrocarbons located in basement crystal rocks. Hydrocarbon accumulations are dedicated to zones of crush, fractures and weathering crust. Up to 450 oil and gas accumulations in the world are discovered in the upper basement. Today, the upper part of the basement is regarded as a new oil and gas floor and global object of crust reserves. Exploration experience shows that oil and gas accumulation of the upper basement are located mainly on platforms or intermountain depressions such as South Caspian intermountain mega depression (SCMD) with unique thickness of sedimentary cover and its high potential. Several factors affect crystal basement rock formation. One of that is void space that control oil and gas accumulation. It is formed in geodynamic and active tectonic zones complicated by different scale and overlapping faults, which is a feature of sedimentary cover and SCMD basement. Saturation of basement void space by hydrocarbons happens mainly due to oil and gas generation potential of sedimentary cover. It is known that SCMD is multiple heart of oil and gas basin that contains 8 billion tons of oil and 13 trillion m3 of gas just in Azerbaijan sector. SCMD has basement wedges at depths reached by state-of-the-art drilling techniques as well as depressions of significant thickness or sedimentary cover. Bottom effusive formations of Middle Curin depression represent certain interest due to the fact that it could be complicated by fracture network and its aptitude to bend deformations. Analysis of mentioned factors can be a basis to forecast oil and gas reserves potential of SCMD basement wedges at accessible depths.

The article analyzes influence of core sample size on authenticity of data, obtained in laboratory simulation of reservoir stimulation technologies depending on reservoir type. It is found that in contrast to composite models, a full-size core reflects relationship of pore systems of complex reservoirs to the full extend. That allows making more correct conclusions about the effectiveness of technologies. In particular determination of adsorption and mechanical destruction of polymer compositions, strength of created water-proof barrier, dynamics of pressure during mixture injection etc. In order to improve authenticity of results obtained in laboratory simulation at the stage of selection of full-size core samples rock anisotropy, which is common for carbonate reservoirs and are usually connected to rocks fracture system, have to be taken into account. On the basis of ideas about improved efficiency of modeling technologies for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) for the conditions of complex carbonate reservoirs laboratory study is performed. The study used core samples with thermo reversible polymer composition МЕТКА, developed by the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science. Use of a full-size core allowed evaluating the effectiveness of МЕТКА technology. The technology allowed to involve in the development low-permeability reservoirs and reservoirs that were not flooded. Study showed that results of standard-size core models are not informative to evaluate flooding efficiency. For the conditions of complex carbonate reservoirs due to low representation of standard samples the need to use core samples of maximal diameter is determined. Results obtained have practical importance in correct determination of parameters for EOR application during field development.

Coal mining is accompanied by bulk waste formation in form of spoil heaps from low quality ore. As a result of aggressive natural factors impact specific mineral and chemical composition of rocks, which forms spoil heaps, leads to the environmental man-caused load in form of dust and gas emission, water pollution and adjacent area littering. Thus, lands, where spoil heaps are disposed, are excluded from economic use, and their resource potential gets lost because of wind and water erosion, negative physical, chemical and biochemical processes, and transformation of rocks, which forms spoil heaps, that causes the reduction of its value as secondary resources. It defines the urgency of developing methods aimed at the lowering of ecological load, caused by spoil heaps, to acceptable level and at the preservation of its resource potential as artificial deposits. One of the possible solutions is to fill underground worked-out mine area with stowage materials using low quality ore. But this technology pushes up the cost of coal production and is not applicable to new coal mining objects, which has lack of free worked-out area as well as to waste dumps, accumulated during long years of coal production. One of the most common ways of reducing the negative impact on the environment of already formed spoil heaps is its recultivation. However, recultivation of coal mining waste, which is followed by application of antipyrogens, ameliorants and mineral fertilizers to waste dumps, considerably limits their further utilization as artificail deposits. Antipyrogens, ameliorants and mineral fertilizers, when entering into physical and chemical reactions with coal mining waste, make this waste unsuitable for application as a secondary resource, particularly during the production of many construction materials. It defines the prospectivity of spoil heaps conservation, which allows not only to reduce the negative impact of spoil heaps on the environment but also to preserve their resource potential. This study offers a method, a technology and technical solutions for spoil heaps conservation that ensure their geoecological safety as sources of environmental pollution and allow to use its resource potential for production of target products.

The article describes a method for estimating start time of evacuation of personnel working in a machine room of a gas compressor shop operated by a pipeline company. The method provides two options for estimating evacuation start time depending on reliability of a notification and evacuation control system. The first option implies that a notification and evacuation control system operates properly and is able to act as alarm in case of fire. In such sircumstances evacuation start time is estimated depending on psychophysical characteristics of humans, response time of a notification and evacuation control system and duration of operative actions. The second option implies that a notification and evacuation control system is out of order or not installed in a room. In this case employees are considered to detect fire visually assuming that a formed convective column of flue gases is the source of fire danger. Time taken by smoke to fill a convective column is considered as time needed for a person to detect fire. Psychophysical characteristics of humans and duration of operative actions are considered as well as in the first case. It is suggested that psychophysical characteristics of humans should be determined by results of computer-based psychodiagnostics. In order to estimate time needed for personnel to take prompt actions the article offers a network approach for evaluation of response speed of an operator. A method for estimating evacuation start time was developed taking into account current methodological issues in estimation of time characteristics of human actions during first stages of evacuation based on foreign and domestic research on human behavior in case of fire.