Construction and Geotechnics

Conducting tunneling construction at any depth causes deformations of the earth's surface and, as a result, additional movements of the surrounding buildings, as well as changes in the stress-strain state of the ground mass. When modeling the site of work to assess the impact of the construction of tunnels, it is necessary to take into account the volume loss of soil. The purpose of this work is to determine the technological parameter with further averaging and application in the design of dispersed soils. The article considers the impact on buildings from the construction of a two-track tunnel from the «Kosino» station to the «Yugo-Vostochnaya» station in Plaxis in a two-dimensional and three-dimensional with a design volume loss of soil of 1.5 %. The construction of the tunnels was carried out by a shield with earth pressure balance with a cutting diameter of 10.8 m. The maximum depth of the tunnel from the ground surface is about 27.0 m, the construction site is dominated by dispersed soils. For the considered section of the construction of the distillation tunnel, the calculated volume loss of soil for the two-dimensional problem varies in the range from 0.32 to 0.41 %, for the spatial problem - from 0.52 to 0.78 %. With the same additional draft of the building, there is a percentage increase from 62 to 90 % between the calculated parameters obtained in the schemes in both settings. Taking into account the calculated volume loss of soil at the design stage, obtained from the results of this article, in similar engineering and geological conditions, contributes to the rational distribution of funds, reducing the volume of geotechnical monitoring and measures for the preservation of buildings in compliance with the required standards and safety regulations.

To study the bearing capacity of pond ash, samples were taken from dumps of a number of power plants in the Russian Federation: Omsk TPP-4, Novocherkasskaya TPP, Serovskaya TPP, Apatitskaya TPP, producing pond of various genesis. All studied materials classified to class F according to ASTM C-618-12. At the first stage of the study, the maximum dry density of soil and the optimum moisture content were determined by the Proctor method (type B mold and type A compaction hammer), the results of which were compared with the results of determining the same parameters by the SoyuzDorNII method (using a large standard compaction device). At the second stage, the Californian bearing ratio (CBR) of all samples of pond ash in a water-unsaturated state at different densities was determined (corresponding to compaction 7, 21 and 56 by blows of a compaction hammer on a layer of pond ash in the a Proctor mold). At the third stage of the study, the deformation modulus of pond ash were determined on samples with optimal moisture content and maximum dry density of soil by the method of oedometer test. Samples were prepared with the using a large standard compaction device of the SoyuzDorNII design. At the end of the study, the results were analyzed and conclusions were drawn about the linear relationship of the parameters (optimal moisture content and maximum dry density) determined by the method of Proctor and SoyuzDorNII, the presence of a correlation between CBR and the compaction coefficient of the PA, and the absence of a statistically significant correlation ( R 2 <10 %) between CBR and deformation modulus in the study of PA of various genesis.

The article is devoted to the methodology of the history of the emergence and development of knowledge in the field of foundation building from ancient times to the beginning of the XVII century. It is suggested that for the full-fledged formation of general cultural and professional competencies of graduates of higher education in the specialty 08.03.01 «Construction», it is necessary to build relatively deeper historical and theoretical connections in the methodology of the history of foundation construction. The object of the research is the history of the foundation building sciences. The purpose of this work is to analyze the history of the emergence and development of the foundation sciences in the «horizontal cross-section» of scientific periodization at the stage of pre-science within the framework of methodological issues. The research method is system-historical. Results of the research: during the research, the structures of the foundations of individual famous architectural monuments erected during the chronology of world history from the beginning of the primitive society age to the beginning of the New Time are considered. The role of sections of scientific works of the epochs of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance devoted to the structure of foundations and foundations in modern issues of methodology is analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the rationality of expanding the chronological boundaries in the study of the history of the emergence and development of the sciences of foundation construction to form students of the specialty 08.03.01 «Construction» theoretical knowledge that meets the requirements of modern professional standards.

Due to the high rate of development of new territories for construction, which often turn out to be difficult in engineering and geological terms, the need for geotechnical construction specialists (geotechnical specialists) is growing. There are practically no specialized educational programs for their preparation in Russia. The formation of specialists for geotechnical construction enterprises is mainly made up of university graduates and employees of the construction industry. In rare cases, there is a re-qualification of specialists from related engineering or scientific activities. Technological progress and introduction of computers significantly contribute to the complexity of engineering solutions, and at the same time increase the requirements for geotechnical specialists. In 2017, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the professional standard 16.131 "Specialist in the design of foundations, foundations, earth and landslide structures, the underground part of capital construction projects" was approved. The standard regulates the labor functions, knowledge, and skills that a geotechnical construction worker must possess. The existence of the standard and the requirements given in it create the need to form a systematic approach to solving the problems of training geotechnical specialists. One of the possible system approaches can be developed on the basis of additional professional education. The training should be carried out both on the basis of advanced training programs and on the basis of professional retraining programs. In general, this will improve the quality of education through the development of specialized educational programs for geotechnical construction specialists.