Perm Journal of Petroleum and Mining Engineering

Heavy bituminous oil is the main source of Nigerian unconventional resources. The resources represent oil sand and bitumen oil forming a belt of bitumen oil covering about 120 km extending from Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and Edo. Huge reserves of the resources are located in the state of Ondo. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was used in the research to study bitumen oil in South West Nigeria. The NMR spectroscopy on the nuclei of 1H and 13C uses signals from protons and carbon nuclei, respectively, tetramethylsilane molecules Si(CH3)4. Regions of absorption of aliphatic (7-65 ppm) and aromatic (108-170 ppm) nuclei of carbon atoms are clearly defined in the NMR spectra of 13C of the objects under consideration. Signals of carbon atoms of olefinic fragments make a significant contribution to the last range of spectra of the cores of Nigerian bitumen deposits. An analysis of more known methods of defining the aromatic region of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of 13C showed that for fractions that do not contain condensed cyclic and heteroatomic compounds, the definition of chemical shift subranges (CS) corresponding to aromatic carbon atoms 110-130 ppm not substituted, 130-137 ppm substituted by methyl, another alkyl - and naphthyl substituted - 137-148 ppm is sufficienly reasonable. There are regions of absorption of quaternary carbon atoms bonded to oxygen or nitrogen (148-170 ppm), carbonyl carbon atoms (170-200 ppm), as well as tertiary aromatic carbon atoms, located in the ortho position to the hydroxyl or other oxygen atom (108-118 ppm) in objects containing larger amounts of heteroatoms.

The paper discusses the complex analysis of the energy and structural features of the structure of asphaltenes of nanoaggregates that was experimentally conducted using the data of the nuclear magnetic resonance method. Fractal dimension of the core of complex structural units (CSU) for two alternative groups of native oil was calculated, which is equal to 2.040 and 1.556 units. It is established that crude oils with a low fractal dimension of nucleus have a 1.5-5.0 times higher dynamic viscosity. Theoretical substantiation of the physical phenomenon was carried out. It is established that oils of low fractal dimension due to their structural individuality of the structure of the paramagnetic framework have an increased natural inhibitory capacity of the asphaltenes of the nucleus in relation to growth and fallout of solid paraffins forming organic was depostion. According to temperature studies simulating cooling of the flow of oil during lifting in the tubing, it was established that the growth of the radius of the CSU nucleus during aggregation of asphaltenes is well described by the linear model. The aggregation intensity is 3.6 times higher in oil with more than low fractal dimension. In addition, it was revealed that the coefficient of temperature aggregation of asphaltenes depends on the radius of the initial material, and for the oil with a high fractal dimension it is described by a monotonous logarithmic model. There was an abnormal nonlinear aggregation established for low-dimensional oil at small radii of the initial material, which leads to a violation of the monotonic nature of the change in the coefficient of aggregation. According to results of experiments that simulate the deposition of paraffins on a metal surface, it has been established that the effectiveness of wax inhibitors in oil with a low fractal dimension is 5-49 % higher compared to a group of high-dimensional oil. The results obtained in the work can be used in practice when developing modern methods of managing the properties of petroleum dispersed systems in the development, production and processing of hydrocarbons.

Open-cut mining is the main way to extract minerals. Up to 80% of the rock mass produced by that is transported by dump trucks with diesel engines. Atmospheric gas pollution is an essential disadvantage of using diesel vehicles, especially in deep formations. Exhaust gases from diesel vehicles have a detrimental effect on human health and the environment. Constant exposure of exhaust gases on the body can cause immune deficiency, bronchitis, cerebral vessels and nervous system suffer. The higher the depth of mining the higher the concentration of machinery on formations and the worse the conditions of natural ventilation of the working space. At the depth of quarries over 200-250 m air pollution by harmful substances at the workplace leads to a gradual increase of the maximum permissible concentrations. That affects both people and economy of the enterprise since it entails the necessity to shut the career down, deteriorate visibility on the highway, which also causes a partial or total suspension of equipment operation. Transfer of dump trucks to electricity is a prospect way to solve the problem. Together, all the positive qualities of trolley trucks reduce the maintenance costs of transportation of rock mass by 15-20%, as well as exclude the gassing of the quarry and formation of smoke. Need for power from the contact network is the most serious drawback of trolley truck. Today, thanks to modern technologies, eliminating most of the drawbacks of trolley trucks is not difficult. Quarry trolley trucks are better used only for long-term development, since the content of the trolley line contact requires attendance and maintenance. The payback period can be 2-4 years.

The subject of the paper is the response of the natural environment to various impacts associated with the oil and gas industry. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the current state of implementation of the project of development of the gas transportation system "Power of Siberia" in East and Southeast Siberia. The purpose of the study is to show the problems that arise at various stages of creating the object. That includes choosing the apropriate pipeline route and method of pipe laying. The project of gas transoptation system (GTS) "Power of Siberia" in East Siberia is being successfully implemented recently. The stages of exploration and design are completed, pipe is being layed. After successful research and design, one of the most important stages (pipe laying and system building in general) has started. Studying the seasonal and permafrost rocks is a very special direction in the general integrated system of engineering and geological knowledge. It is important to consider both studied parameters such as composition, structure, properties of rocks, and features of aggregate states of the object of research. Negative temperatures cause fundamental differences in the composition of rocks with the development of diverse underground ice, sometimes constituting up to 90% of the thickness, and other characteristics. The main results of ecological and geocryological research recently performed by Melnikov Permafrost Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which have revealed the main difficulties of the project and show the ways of their solution, are given. Advantages and features of the selected route in the specific engineering and geological conditions are described. The need for underground method of pipe laying is confirmed. It is concluded that complex and diverse natural conditions of the route of the GTS determine a number of specific problems at the stages of construction and operation within areas with permafrost soils and dangerous geocryological and engineering-geocryological processes. It is possible to avoid them only while studying the most difficult areas. Recommendations on the structure of department of engineering and geocryological monitoring are given.