Construction and Geotechnics

One way to improve the properties of soils is their reinforcement by different geosynthetic materials. Difficulty an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the use of geosynthetics in construction is its one of the reasons preventing their wider application. Conducting research aimed at studying the work of geosynthetic materials in the construction of foundations and their interaction with the ground, is a very costly and time consuming practice. The tests of reinforced soil structures for transport construction, which are influenced by dynamic loads are particularly complex. Geosynthetics can significantly improve the deformation characteristics of reinforced soil bases. Therefore, the use of different express methods for determination of deformation characteristics of reinforced soil bases is very important. Method using the dynamic densitometer is a new express methods for determining the deformation characteristics of subgrade. «Meter ground dynamic modulus DPG-1.2» was used as an apparatus for determining the dynamic modulus of elasticity Ed on the ground surface Dynamic modulus of elasticity Ed has a correlation dependence with a coefficient of compaction and static modulus of elasticity Est . One application of geosynthetic material in road construction is their use in the construction of temporary roads. Therefore, the construction of temporary road, representing a layer of sand of various thickness on the reinforcing geosynthetic interlayer modeled in this work. The carcass geogrid KS-16 «Rossomaha» production on JSC ««Krasnokamsk Metal Mesh Works» «and geotextile Geospan TN-50 manufactured by Ltd «HEXA-woven materials» were used as reinforcing geosynthetics. This article presents the results of the determination of the static modulus of elasticity Est and dynamic elasticity modulus Ed soil reinforced by geosynthetic material and soil without reinforcement using DPG-1.2 device. As a result of the experiment shows that the modulus values obtained with the express method of using the device-DPG 1.2 are comparable with the values of data obtained by the laboratory method, the measurement error does not exceed 22 %. For backfill thicknesses h = 50 mm use the carcass geogrid KS-16 can increase Est by 23 % and Ed by 14 % compared with the unreinforced base. Using the geotextile Hexa TN-50 can increase Est by 15.5 % and Ed by 11 % compared with the unreinforced base. Increasing the thickness backfill h up to 100 mm is practically not reduce the effectiveness of the reinforcement carcass geogrid KS-16 «Rosomaha» - static modulus E st is increased by 22 % and dynamic modulus Ed by 14 % compared to the unreinforced base. And for the geotextile Hexa TH-50 at h = 100 mm reinforcement efficiency is greatly reduced - the value Est and Ed only increased by 2.5 % compared with the unreinforced base. This is probably caused by a significantly greater rigidity carcass geogrid KS-16 «Rosomaha» Thus DPG-1.2 device allows accurately measure the deformation characteristics of soil bases. The use of specialized carcass geogrids KS-16 «Rossomaha «more effectively in the construction of temporary roads in comparison with universal geosynthetics Hexa TN-50.

This article includes the way to prevent deformation of linear constructions which can due to the laying of the heating network because heating promotes ice formation. The considered design of the pavement cover during the laying of the heating network is being built on a section of the road on Pionerskaya street, which belongs to the roads of the third category. There are results of scientific research and engineering calculations of options for rational design of roads when laying the heating network and the example of the Far Eastern section of the road. The development is a generalization of the results of solving engineering, scientific, and settlement applied objectives. There is heating network is being laid, in the area under considerationwhich will subsequently warm up the outer surface of the asphalt concrete due to the heat generation of the pipes. It will cause the formation of ice on the outer surface of the asphalt concrete during period with negative temperatures. This construction imitaties plate in the rubble layers by using an integrated biaxial geogrid, as well as the laying of the heat insulation layer. The analysis of the initial data, as well as during the realization of the work, has established that, in order to be able to evaluate and compare the various indicators, it is necessary to provide calculated and theoretical studies for several construction options. Analysis of possible methods and means for determining rational structure parameters showed that it would be advisable to use geotechnical software systems «FEM models» and «Termoground». These software systems are able to jointly simulate the work of structures by its stress state, as well as by the ongoing thermodynamic processes in the annual freeze-thaw cycle. Numerical simulation of the structure operation using this software geotechnical complex allowed us to estimate the stability of the structure deformations, as well as to limit the heating of the asphalt concrete surface.

The article discusses issues related to the determination of radial and tangential stresses in the well in the presence of gravitational pressure of the soil mass. The basis is the well-known theoretical solutions of the axisymmetric problem of a thick-walled pipe, namely, the Lame solution. The action of two pressures is considered: the internal pressure р 1 and the external р 2, uniformly distributed over the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow cylinder. As a result of theoretical studies, it was found that the use of the elasticity theory equation to determine radial and tangential stresses in a well with an internal effective pressure s r = р 1, leads to its slow horizontal decrease, which is not observed in practice. The authors proposed solutions that make it possible to obtain closer values of s r for soils. It was also experimentally proved that the value of the active compression region for soil wells with internal effective pressure р 1 is almost two times higher than the value obtained for stamp tests in half-space conditions. The authors obtained mathematical expressions of the strength and stability of wells from gravitational loads of soil.

The necessity of measures to prevent environmental pollution by industrial emissions, in particular sewage, is substantiated. It has been shown that one of the most promising methods for cleaning industrial wastewater is flotation. Its essence, characteristics and types of flotation are discussed. The factors that determine the use of different types of flotation for the treatment of industrial wastewater are listed. It is shown that the flotation method can be used to concentrate various in nature pollutants from industrial wastes: suspended solids, petroleum products, fats, heavy metal ions, surfactants. It has been established that pressure flotation, electroflotation and ion flotation are most widely used in the practice of cleaning industrial wastewaters. Their advantages compared with other types of flotation are considered. The reasons constraining the widespread use of flotation methods for the treatment of industrial wastewater are discussed. Examples of effective technological schemes for wastewater treatment of a number of industries (oil refineries, meat industry, hydrometallurgical industry, electroplating industry), including the stage of flotation treatment of wastewater are given. The factors that determine the use of flotation treatment of wastewater in technological schemes at a certain stage of industrial effluent treatment are determined. The conclusion was made about the universality of the flotation method, which allows to effectively remove a wide range of contaminants from industrial wastewater, and also successfully combine with widely known purification methods in technological schemes as a preliminary, basic method of purification or additional treatment of effluent up to regulatory requirements.

Today, not only the scope of expertise has expanded, their number has increased in connection with various assignments, but their structure has become much more complicated. In this article, the authors systematized and generalized the regulatory and technical base and experience of passing state and non state expert reviews of design and estimate documentation, indicating the features of this procedure with various parameters and conditions in order to obtain complete information about this procedure for further optimization and harmonization project managers when determining the project approval format. The practical significance of the work is determined by the fact that it has developed on the basis of theoretical and methodological research methods that users need to prepare for passing examinations, formulated practical recommendations and proposals for examination procedures in the field of investment activity. The solution of these problems was carried out using a systematic approach, inductive and deductive methods for assessing the system of state and non-state expertise. In the process of research, the authors used along with scientific and educational sources: federal legislation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation. In the work, for the first time, the topology of capital construction objects was developed and presented, on the basis of which a summary table was formed with the required format for coordinating the de-sign and estimate documentation of a particular type of investment and construction project. This material may be useful to project department employees, project managers (Chief Project Engineers), investment project developers in order to optimize work at the stage of examination of design and estimate documentation and to quickly transfer the project from the stage of coordination to the actual implementation stage (implementation construction and installation works).

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that any complex laboratory equipment requires the appropriate qualifications of staff. A successfully mastered operator training course is sufficient for most standard situations, but does not provide comprehensive ideas about the features of the equipment and software in difficult field conditions, which in turn can cause difficulties in the operation of the device and an increase in the share of subjective decisions in the result. A more complete study of the operation of complex equipment is possible only having practical experience in its operation in different conditions. This article reveals the features of the Geometry complex of the mobile road laboratory KP-514 SMP Highway, which is used to determine the parameters of geometric characteristics, evenness of the coating, the strength of the pavement, and so on. The leading approach to the study of this problem is a descriptive method, which allowed to identify the features of the geometric characteristics of the road. The authors studied in detail the transport interchange on 73 km of the A-290 Novorossiysk - Kerch Strait highway. During the study, it was found that the Geometry module is sufficient to confirm safe traffic conditions and restore lost information about the geometry of the road, since information on the presence and parameters of transition curves is not contained in the description of the route plan. In addition, the authors came to the conclusion that the software settings affect the accuracy of processing the initial path and adjust it using the “comparison interval” parameter of the “setup” window of the Road-PRO software and measuring complex. The materials of the article imply practical significance for university professors in engineering specialties.

This article discusses the creation and development of sustainable natural-technical systems that favorably affect the living conditions of the indigenous peoples of the Far North; developing means to protect them from negative impacts; New methods and criteria for assessing environmental factors affecting them, including urban construction. Sustainable construction provides a new paradigm of attitudes towards nature: the traditions of the indigenous population, because the buildings of the middle zone are not always perceived for the conditions of the Far North; the introduction of a set of completely new principles that were not considered during construction: the quality of the living environment; resource conservation, pollution control (emissions), social equity, etc.At present, the infrastructure field has a significant impact, which allows speeding up the process of obtaining the necessary data on a specific issue. For the regions of the Arctic (Extreme North), the creation of eco-homes, that is, effective low-rise, bioclimatic, blocked houses or a house with a plot of land and using it in conjunction with agricultural technology - permoculture, which applies to all aspects of ecology, economics and public life, is most appropriate. , including the contribution of man and the creation of his own ecosystems necessary for sustainable agriculture in specific zones. When developing plans for integrated innovation projects, they take into account: economic and environmental issues of design solutions; the creation of technical systems that provide the population with food.