Vol 7, No 1 (2016)

Analysis of existing constructive decisions of bridge abutments and application DESIGN of fiber reinforced soil UNDER THEIR reconstruction
Spirin A.V., Grishina A.S., Kleveko V.I.

Abstract

According to the list of damage of bridges and overpasses given in the article it was found that the main cause of these injuries is the work of abutments. In order to prevent accidents and to fix damage advanced investigation of the problem of bridge structures is required. The objects of the research are the design features of the abutments. The purpose of work is tracing the evolution of the abutments design decisions and offering new design. The article describes the existing design of abutments and overpasses. Their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. On the basis of the analysis it has been suggested that the abutments with vertical walls have the highest priority type of design at the moment. In such structures geosynthetic reinforced soil are used as a backfill. Other technical solutions are not efficient and economical. The article proposes a constructive decision for the reconstruction of the bridge abutments by using fiber reinforced soil, which is an array of strengthening soil by discrete fibers. As an example the replacement of conventional fill material by the fiber reinforced sand is examined. Calculation of the horizontal soil pressure on abutments in the embankment is presented for this structure. As a result of the calculation it was concluded that the use of fiber reinforced sand reduces the load on abutments by 24 % compared with the use of conventional sand. New constructive design is preferable under reconstruction of existing bridges, but it can be applied also in new construction. The results can be used in the future for more in-depth research of the bridges and overpasses reconstruction problem.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):5-12
views
CREATION OF AN ANCHOR POINT ON A SUPPORT AS AN ELEMENT OF SAFETY OF WORKS AT HEIGHT
Senchenko V.A., Karaush S.A.

Abstract

Object of research is safety of works at height on air-lines of communication and overhead power transmission lines. Security measures at rise and performance of work on support are analysed air-lines of communication and overhead power transmission lines. It is necessary to apply systems of safety of works to safety of works at height which enter: anchor device; a leash (for an insurance and positioning); a connecting and shock-absorbing subsystem (slings, ropes, carbines, shock-absorbers, a security measure from falling of polzunkovy type on the flexible or rigid anchor line). At rise on a support by means of a ladder, claws or manholes for safety of works safety systems need to be fixed for the top part, by means of anchor devices. Now the top part of support of air-lines of communication and power lines in the Russian Federation isn't equipped with rigid anchor points for fastening of safety systems. Therefore fastening is possible only by means of flexible anchor lines. Installation of such lines on the top end of a support not always technically is also economically possible and convenient for safety of works at height. Therefore at construction new and reconstruction of the existing communication lines and electricity transmissions it is necessary to establish on support rigid anchor points for fastening of safety systems. From the technical point of view the anchor device is simple (it can be some hooks on diameter of a support) therefore its prime cost will be small and introduction won't have considerable impact on expenses on construction and reconstruction of support. However will allow to ensure safety of works at height.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):13-17
views
Analysis of the types of constructions made of corrugated metal structures
Osterman E.D., Shutova O.A.

Abstract

Concrete and reinforced concrete structures have large own weight, which makes the installation process laborious and requires a lot of money for the material transportation. The speed of the installation of structures made of traditional materials is also low. Recently buildings made of corrugated metal structures have been actively implemented into the practice of engineering in Russia, despite the fact that the first constructions of such design have been used more than 100 years ago. The object of the research is the constructions made of corrugated metal structures. The purpose of work is to establish what kind of advantages these designs have over traditional designs. This article refers to the history of the use of corrugated metal structures in Russia and the world and what are these designs. Such types of constructions like retaining walls, pedestrian crossings, transport and pedestrian tunnels, hangars, culverts are analyzed. The technology of constructing of corrugated metal structures and their design are presented. All of the structures dealt on such criteria as speed of construction, the complexity of the construction, service life, the complexity of installation, design structures, the use of special conditions, the cost of structures. By all of these criteria constructions made of corrugated metal structures showed remarkable characteristics. As a result it was found that the advantages of such structures are durability, safety, easy installation, short terms of work, cost-effectiveness, easy transportation, the possibility of use in difficult environments. The results show large prospects of such structures in underground civil engineering in Russia.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):18-29
views
THE PLANNING OF THE MODEL EXPERIMENTS TO INVERSTIGATE THE OPERATION OF RETAINING WALLS, WHICH ARE REINFORCED WITH GEOSYNTHETIC HORIZONTAL LAYERS
Kashapova K.R.

Abstract

Retaining structures are prevalent constructions, which are used due to dense urban development areas nowadays. Today it has wide spread in using reinforced soil in these constructions. This technology is to improve the properties of an existing of the soil on the construction site by introducing the elements of increased strength into the ground. The reinforcement counteracts the loads and, thereby, to create a more economical design. In modern construction practice, as reinforcement, geosynthetics hold the leading role for the retaining structures. However, in spite of its extensive using, the operation of the retaining walls has not been explored yet, and, therefore, it needs in additional researches. The article presents the plan of the series of experiments to investigate the operation of retaining construction, which is reinforced with different types of geosyntetics. Geotextile, geocell and geodon are as reinforced layers. The test program was developed, the order of conducting experiments was described, and the matrix of experiment planning was presented. Materials and equipment, which are necessary for experiment, were described in details. Except laboratory, it is supposed to perform numerical experiments, which are necessary for exception errors in laboratory tests and for comparison of indications. Numerical simulations are expected to be performed using the finite elements method in the software package PLAXIS 2D, which can to interpret the actual conditions of the retaining wall. Numerical simulation is similar to the program of laboratory tests. In addition, the article presents conclusions about the relevance of experiments and their originally.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):30-38
views
ON THE ISSUE OF USING VARIOUS METHODS OF PROTECTION AGAINST FROST HEAVE
Chernysheva I.A., Mashchenko A.V.

Abstract

The vast territory of the Russian Federation is the permafrost and seasonal frost soils. Perm region not an exception. Most of the territory is composed of saturated soils that are bad because excess of water in the soil during freezing might produce frost heave of soil and during thawing soil becomes unstable. Frost heaving of soil is the increasing of soil volume and its uneven uplift above the earth's surface due to low temperatures. Soils, which are prone to frost heaving, are called heaving and frost susceptible. Also, frost heave of soil can lead to a crash. Ignoring this phenomenon leads to the complete destruction of the objects located in these areas. Foundations, which are located in heaving soils, are prone to moving up if the load acting on them do not balance heave force. Because of such deformations of soil the foundation receives a load that lead to cracks in the walls of the building and the foundation itself. One of the main goals of the building sustainability, construction durability and serviceability of the buildings in the area with frost heaving of soils is opportune accounting of the heaving soils impact on foundation of buildings and constructions. The article describes the methods of struggle, such as amelioration of soils (hydro reclamation and thermal reclamation activities, rendering hydrophobic, replacing heaving soils and other) and stabilization of foundations (treatment of side surfaces of foundations, anchoring piles, replacement of shallow foundations on piles foundation, broadening of the foundation piles at a depth below the freezing depth).
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):39-46
views
RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS OF THE FIRST MASS SERIES AS A WAY TO INCREASE THE LIVING SPACE
Grigorenko K.A., Petreneva O.V.

Abstract

This article is about the problem of reconstruction and modernization of residential five-storey buildings constructed in 1960-70s. The total area of the buildings built in the country during that period counts around 290 million sq.m., that is almost 10 % of the housing stock. Many of those houses have floors made of concrete and seldom-worn load carrying structures, but they don’t satisfy modern requirements and are in need of comprehensive overhaul. Reconstruction of houses is one of the most important directions in solving the housing problem. The maximum increase of housing stock can be achieved by accretion and addition of one or several storeys. The expences on material resources for creation the engineering infrastructure decreases on 25-40 %. Such methods of reconstruction are especially effective in the central areas of major cities as the cost of the real estate 1 m² is high enough. Reconstruction in those areas is the most attractive and promising for investors. There are ways of reconstruction of five-storey buildings, with the transfer of load from addition of the building to new foundation. An example of the reconstruction of the five-storey residential building in Moscow at Khimkinskiy Boulevard, 4. Five-storey building of I-515 serie, built in 1965. From economic point of view on this example, we can conclude the reconstruction of the building with accretion and addition of storeys is appropriate, cause the cost of apartment after the reconstruction is 40 % higher than the cost before it, but less than the cost of an apartment in a new building.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):47-55
views
PLANNING OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BY DEFINITION OF THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY SOILS
Iadovina K.S., Lashova S.S.

Abstract

In this article problems of carrying out experiments on studying of thermophysical characteristics of soils, in particular heat conductivity and thermal capacities are considered. The studied thermophysical parameters are considered at design of the special ways of works used in underground construction, namely in artificial and natural ground freezing. This way is the most reliable and universal, especially in difficult engineering conditions and is used applicable for stabilization of soils mass. Determination of thermal properties of soils is necessary to perform thermal calculations using computer simulations, which helps to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of the made decisions. Object of research are clay soils because studying of their properties both physical, and thermophysical during freezing and thawing attracts the greatest interest. In addition, in the Perm region the most widely spread are clay soils. Thus, the sequence of planning of experimental research and an order of the analysis of the captured data is presented. The preliminary model of object of research in the form of the regression equation is chosen, the experiment planning matrix is made. During tests it is planned to receive dependence of thermophysical characteristics of clay soils on change of its indicator of fluidity at values: 0,3; 0,6; 0,9. And also dependence between thermophysical parameters of soils of various consistence and temperature of the studied sample which is planned to vary from -10 to +10 ºС. Besides, an order of determination of heat conductivity of soils in the non-stationary way and a technique of finding of a thermal capacity of the studied soil by a calorimetry method are considered. Formulas for processing of the obtained skilled data at research of a thermal capacity of soils are given.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):56-66
views
RISKS INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION DURING THE ECONOMIC CRISIS
Nekrasova M.V., Kaloshina S.V.

Abstract

In this article participants’ of construction main risks are considered, such as risks of investor (dishonesty of developers, increase of interest rates for the credits, management of investments for long term, etc.); risks of developer (cessation the supply of investments, insufficient quality of the building and assemble work performed by contracting organizations, mistakes in project and working documentation, etc.); risks of general project contractor (overdue payments, insufficient qualification of workers, etc.); risks of designer (documentation could be not accepted by the customer, dishonesty of the customer, etc.). The main ways of these risks' decrease are considered: insurance of risks, choosing of contractor and developer by the competitive basis, organization of money reserve, monitoring procedure behind use of money, application of penalties, conducting control of contract organizations and observance by workers' technical safety, etc. The analysis of methods of risks' assessment is submitted. Such as an expert method (it is based on opinion of experts, who are estimating the risks). It doesn’t required the calculations application and the additional software. Method of the analysis of expenses' relevance: stage-by-stage investment in construction allows taking necessary measures at the first signs of risks’ increase. Method of analogies (comparison of the investment project with similar projects, visually represents consequences of unaccounted risks). The analysis of project's sensitivity of the defines as far as variable indicators of efficiency of the project at fluctuations of basic data will change, the most adverse factors of the investment project are defined. The analysis of scenarios of projects' development (it is supposed that all variables of indicators of projects' efficiency change at the same time, deviations of parameters are counted taking into account their correlation). The analysis of economic crises of 2008 and 2014 is made by using these parameters: collapse of prices of oil, depreciation of ruble, the crisis reasons, growth rates of inflation, delay of growth rates of GDP, transaction of purchase and sale in the market of real estate, the cost of square meter.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):67-73
views
PROSPECTS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS USE IN THE WORLD AND IN RUSSIA
Minin A.A., Matrunchik A.S.

Abstract

This article is dedicated to modern environmental problems and their solutions. The issues were involved during the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris issues and government programs about energy and resource saving technologies in Russia. We consider the theoretical material on the use of solar energy as one of the kinds of alternative energy sources. The question of the volume of solar radiation received at the earth's surface. The main types of converters that use solar energy as a source for electricity production, considered their advantages and disadvantages, are presented in more detail photoelectric converters. The basic physical and chemical processes occurring in the solar during their work, working on the photoelectric method and used as the base material silicon; for different types of connections of solar cells are considered the advantages and disadvantages relative to each other. There are the variants of the use of solar energy in the human life in this article. Particular attention is paid to the situation in agriculture, analyzed the current situation, identified the shortcomings of existing current methods of energy supply of remote areas, prospects for the use of solar energy for such seats, are diagrams of possible technological installations using energy from the Sun, analyzed the experience of the Russian regions in the use of solar energy as an example Chebarkul municipal area of Chelyabinsk region. Based on the results of the study, concluded that the prospects and possibilities of using this technology, and provides suggestions for further development of solar energy.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):74-81
views
Analysis of the impact of changes in insolation of apartments energy saving
Zolotozubov D.G., Karmanova O.S.

Abstract

In the modern world is gaining momentum density of development in already established neighborhoods. Insolation is the major factor rendering the health impact on the human environment. The calculation of insolation is an integral part of project documentation. The solution to the problem of sun exposure in a dense urban environment will serve as a well-planned apartments and living rooms in them. Another way of solving this problem is the increase in light, but this implies another problem - the more aperture, the more energy and resources and therefore costs will need to heat the room. Energy and insolation are closely related to each other. Each year the reserves of natural resources decrease, and there is a new problem, how to make buildings and facilities more energy efficient. In different countries there are different approaches to solving this problem. This article discusses the most inexpensive method and does not create major inconveniences of the builders. Consider the option, as the reduction of window openings to an acceptable size, to reduce heat loss and thereby reduce the consumption of heating. Gives calculations showing what effect can be achieved when reducing the size of the window openings. It is proved that the reduction of the window opening no effect on critical insolation habitable rooms.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):82-92
views
ANALYSIS OF PIPE-LAYING TECHNOLOGIES
Lopatina A.A., Sazonova S.A.

Abstract

More than 50 % of pipelines in the Russian Federation require replacement or reconstruction, as they were laid/run/constructed in the Soviet period. At the present time the urgent problem is the choice of optimum work execution technology. The choice of method depends on many factors: the length of the pipeline, soil properties, availability of other communications and, finally, the budget which is available to the customers. The time is the last determining factor. The most common method of laying pipelines is trench method, that brings a modern city and its residents significant inconvenience. Despite the fact that it is the cheapest of the existing methods, in conjunction with the restoration of the roadway, green space and other related factors, the cost of the work cycle becomes significant. On the other hand, a large number of modern methods are developed that have many advantages in comparison with classical technology, but they are more expensive. Therefore, when choosing the technology of laying and rehabilitation of pipelines it is necessary to make technical and economic comparison of variants with all the features of the object. The purpose of this study is the analysis of trench and trenchless technologies of pipe laying. To achieve the goal following problems were solved: an analytical review of technologies for pipe-laying with the identification of the main technological parameters, application area of both advantages and disadvantages of each technology presented. There are more than 10 ways of laying pipelines, some of them are innovative, some are outdated. In the list of the considered methods the pipeline the trench, puncture, hydropuncture, driving, horizontal directional drilling, microtunnelling, as well as the combined method was included.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):93-111
views
BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE USE OF A HORIZONTAL HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEMS
Kolechkina A.I., Zakharov A.V.

Abstract

The problem of increased cost of electricity has caused the recent trend towards the construction of energy efficient buildings. In addition, there is the problem of rational use of resources. This article discusses one way to increase the energy efficiency of buildings through the use of renewable energy sources. These sources include traditional wind, water, sun, earth (geothermal). Geothermal energy is of two types - high-grade and low-grade. The article discussed in detail ground low potential energy for heating buildings. The basic methods of extraction low potential energy of the soil. Such methods include the use of heat exchangers of horizontal and vertical type. In this paper we detail the horizontal heat exchangers. These include surface heat exchangers and energy basket. Surface heat exchanger consists of tubes laid parallel to the ground. Energy baskets - heat exchangers, which shall be laid in the ground vertically to a depth of 5 meters and represent the individual contours of the pipe, coiled in a spiral. Consider the basic structure, sequence, and editing features, the main advantages of these systems. Resulting from the energy systems considered can not be used directly. Therefore, it is advisable to use heat pumps, which raise the temperature level to the desired value. Further energy can be used for heating, hot water and electricity for air conditioning and building.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):112-122
views
USE OF LOW POTENTIAL ENERGY OF SOIL AS A WAY TO IMPROVE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS
Bakieva I.D.

Abstract

This article deals with the problem of energy saving. Currently, the Russian energy conservation is one of the priorities in the development of the economy. Attention is paid to limit the growth of energy consumption in the building. Since the acute shortage of reserves of traditional energy sources, have made this issue one of global, scientists began to look for methods to solve the problem of energy saving. It was designed and implemented projects of energy-efficient designs, one of which is energy-efficient foundations. In foreign practice energy-efficient foundations are already widely used. In Russia, these designs are a new phenomenon in the field of energy saving. Due to numerous studies, researchers concluded that geothermal energy released internal areas of the Earth, can serve as an alternative source of power and provide heat and electricity to the building, put into operation. Due to the device - the heat pump - the problem of energy saving found its solution. Cyclic operation of the heat pump, translating them into high nizkopotentsiyaalnoy energy, has become one of the main methods for solving the problem of energy saving. This article presents the types of ground heat exchangers, shows the location of the primary and secondary circuit of the heat pump in the process of his work. This device has made a huge difference in the sphere of energy efficiency, and is now increasingly trying to use this device in the building.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):123-130
views
ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF PILE DRIVING ON THE EXISTING FOUNDATION (VIBRATION MONITORING)
Zhusupbekov A.Z., Omarov A.R., Lukpanov R.E., Zhukenova G.A., Tanyrbergenova G.K.

Abstract

The article presents the results of the analysis of the effect of vibration exposure pile driving on the existing foundations of a functioning oil and gas complex located in Tengiz city. The aim of the tests (vibration monitoring) was to determine the smallest allowable distance piling devices excluding the impact of vibration on the foundation and ensuring the safe operation of the plant. The article presents the results of vibration exposure piling at different distances from the base, taking into account the natural oscillations of technological processes, solid foundation and others, as well as the results of excitation of ground mass at various distances from the source of vibration exposure (pile driving). The source of the vibration excitation was pile driving (С16-40) through pile-driving equipment Banut 555 with a mass of hydraulic hammer 6,075 tonnes and a maximum drop height 1.0 m. In case of driving of piles was drawn up the statement of pile-driving. Vibromonitoring was carried out by the instrument Profound VIBRA +, with use of the 3D seismic sensors. The interval of measurement of vibration was carried out every 5 seconds. Tests were executed according to requirements of norm of DIN 4150-3 according to which the most allowed level of vibration is equal 5,00 mm/sec. (from 0-10 Hz). The maximum impact on a soil array was recorded at a distance 40 m from a source in case of driving of piles No. 3, 5 and 6. In all cases the maximum values of speed of oscillations were recorded when dipping C16-40 piles on depth from 5 to 8 m.
Construction and Geotechnics. 2016;7(1):131-138
views

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies