Construction and Geotechnics

The article is sufficiently described process not only convergence, but also the continuing differences between the two methods of calculating the residue of the Foundation in the normative documents civil, industrial and hydrotechnical construction. Both standards use a common reference hypothesis of the theory of elasticity, but different assumptions about the initial data, boundary conditions of the considered problems, the ways of transition from one trial to another, etc. Discusses the prospects for further convergence of standards.

This article is a survey of the existing schemes of water supply and sanitation Kultaevskoe rural settlement. Considered the terrain, the evaluation of engineering-geological conditions of the area, as a result, there were some unfavorable conditions of the development of the area. Also, the authors have studied the hydrography and hydrology of the area, identified a number of rivers and lakes which are located in the Kultaevskoe rural settlement. The authors of the article were defined the prospects of development and utilization of mineral resources, the obtained information about the presence on the territory Kultayevo village water wells, and also data on quantity of water consumed in the village on the needs of production, social and cultural life and needs of the population. An analysis was conducted of the existing state population and produced estimates for the future development of the village (phase 1 - 2020, the estimated term - 2030), prepared the table of water consumption and wastewater, as well as the calculation of the number of wells to be drilled in phase 1 and construction on the settlement date. In the study of Sewerage system, data was collected on major sources of pollution of the water basin of the village. From this it became clear that for the village it is necessary to design and build a centralized sewer system for industrial enterprises and the civic center. Based on the analysis of the current state of the networks and constructions of water supply and sanitation and analysis of the population of the village Kultayevo, determined in what directions should go to the development of engineering systems. Examination and analysis of the existing schemes of water supply and sanitation s. Kultayevo conducted in accordance with the requirements of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 05.09.2013 № 782 “On schemes of water supply and sanitation”.

This article discusses the comparison of methods of protection of frost heaving soil in the Russian Federation. The vast territory is water-bearing ground. Water danger can cause fluctuations in the soil base due to freezing and thawing water. The frost heaving soil - it is the instability of the soil due to the crystallization water under the influence of low temperatures, and thus loss of stability foundation. Methods were created for struggle with properties of heaving soil. Methods of protection of frost heaving soil - are actions aimed at maintaining the soil in a normal state ground, in which no buckling soil, deformation of foundation and etc. These methods are used in situations where a service load on all building or all construction structure is much less than the forces of frost heaving of the soil, or when setting of ground or frost heave of ground deformation during thawing soil much more maximum allowable strain values. As a result a construction lose a stability. Currently methods of dealing with frost heaving soils conditionally are divided into the following categories such as engineering and reclamation (termo-reclamation and hydroland); techniques associated with construction elements structures; physico-chemical (water-repellency of soils, polymer additives, salinization and others); combined. Ignoring this process causes the accidents such as to the destruction of buildings and structures.

Given the problems of overpopulation, famine and shortage areas becomes relevant topic of the creation of artificial territories. Currently, artificial islands geography expanded considerably. Apart from the traditional to the technology of Japan, the Gulf States, the Netherlands and Russia, artificial islands built or plan to build, Israel, Singapore, China, Canada and many others. The range of materials used has also increased - they began to use ice, gabions, concrete blocks, piles, geosynthetic membranes, shestiroidy and municipal solid waste. This article describes the most significant and promising methods for the construction of artificial islands, such as the construction of the territories geotubes, gabions, ice and solid waste. The technology of production of works to create an artificial island of Geotube® containers, is to prepare the base, filling envelopes, placing them in the construction site, covering them with the necessary materials and filling impervious island body bounded by a causeway, with soil. Presents the technical operations on the construction of the island of gabions: cleaning of the construction site, filling gabions on the shore and further transportation to the location, floor laying and ligament accumulation of ground innards of each level, the implementation of measures to increase the structural strength and make it waterproof. The technological cycles of the construction of artificial islands of garbage and ice depending on the construction method. Is a schematic diagram of gabion, shell and ice islands, classification methods of erection of anthropogenic territories. Describes the application of technology and specific examples of their use in the world. Peculiarities of construction and operation, the approximate cost of the material and the necessary equipment. The estimated service life of artificial islands and their periods of operation, depending on the construction method used. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology, and given the overall conclusion on the selection of the desired method of construction of an artificial island.

The main construction tasks are still improving the performance quality and effectiveness of material investments. This is especially true for construction in difficult geotechnical situation that requires the solution of complex tasks in the field of geotechnics. Weak clay soil base causes a number of difficulties when carrying out construction works. At the same time it is not economically feasible to penetrate soft soils by pile foundation. Therefore, an important issue will be the development of modern methods of strengthening soft clay soil bases. One of the effective methods to improve mechanical properties of clayey soil is an electrochemical process. Electrochemical consolidation is a way to improve the properties of water-saturated soils based on the appearance of electrolysis and electro-osmosis under the action of a constant electric current. This paper focuses on the electrochemical consolidation of clayey water-saturated soils of the Perm region on the basis of 20 % magnesium sulfate in the construction of buildings and structures. The article is the experiment planning. For further laboratory testing water-saturated clay soils were selected with defined liquid limits: IL = 0,4; 0,6. As the soils of such consistency are most often found in the Perm region. In the article the technique of soil preparation with desired characteristics is considered. Characteristics of saturated soil in a natural state and soil improved by electrochemical consolidation will be received by results of direct shear tests and compression tests. The parameters and the scheme of the model experiment are given. Criteria for evaluating the method effectiveness to change the mechanical characteristics of the soil are introduced: change in angle of internal friction Δφ, change in specific adhesion Δ с, change in and deformation modulus Δ Е .

The objects of the study are bored piles and their joint work with clay soil. In this paper, an analysis of the field static tests of bored continuous flight auger technology (CFA) piles under repeated loading was made. Bored piles were made with diameter 630 mm, length 23,5 m. The pile’s tip rested in the soft dense sandy loam. Oblique bedding pebbly loam with sandy filler, what was widespread along the side surface of the tested piles layer with capacity from 4 to 15,2 m, was important feature of the experimental area. The tests were carried out according to the procedure of piles state standard with a stepwise increase in the pinch force loading and subsequent three cycles unloading. The resulting plots were obtained by precipitation of the applied force. The final test result for total settlement of twin sludge piles was varied within wide limits of from 2 to 15 mm. Furthermore, increment of pile’s settlement under repeated loading had significantly lower value than the first loading. Reduced modulus was determined by obtained diagram of settlement depending on the load at each loading stage for bored pile’s foundation. Dependence, what was associated with a significant increase reduced deformation module with greater inclusion the pile’s tip in the work due to displacement, was observed. This effect is presumably due to the formation of the densified core in the level of the pile’s tip.

The article represents an analysis of scientific papers on research the stress-strain-volumetric responses of sands, which are reinforced with a variety of geosynthetic materials. In particular, papers on triaxial compression tests. Nowadays laboratory tests on triaxial test system widely used. The strength and deformation characteristics of reinforced soil can be found with the help this apparatus. The advantage of this type of testing is a significant degree of approximation to the real conditions. In addition, many scientists continue to develop improved versions of the device. In this article is offered the authors several patents. Researchers from around the world described the process and results of their experiments. The main part of the conclusions are similar, but each of them has made to the theme of the new parts. Therefore, all papers have an important value in the study of stress-strain state of reinforced soil and the effect of geosynthetic materials on soil bases strength. Moreover, for creation of virtual soil model computer technologies was used successfully. This made it possible to trace the process of gradually losing strength of the soil sample. The analysis of scientific literature allowed to schedule a series of experiments on triaxial test system. The appearance and features of the device, which will be carried out tests, are illustrated in the text.