Construction and Geotechnics

Evidently, all life and activity of the modern person is connected with architectural constructions. Architecture serves as a source of inspiration, a meaning of socialization, a self-identification and our personal development. Quite the opposite situation has developed in the field of architecture with the help of sociological theories. There was no such thing as sociology of architecture for a great while. Socio-cultural design in the landscape has recently begun to fully gain momentum. All fault aggravation of ecological problems, one way or another concerning cultural life of society: in carrying out leisure and rest. Sociocultural design in the landscape becomes an integral part of it at the stage of modern development of society. An individual as a person strives for separation from the concept of "society". Echoing the emerging needs, the surrounding space should meet them. A healthy environment has a direct impact on the level and quality of life of the population. Nature, as an integral part of the conditions of existence of each large and small social groups, concerns the inner world, and therefore directly - culture. Nowadays, the most important aspect for human existence both in the future and in the present is ecology. It requires improvement of the Transfiguration which destroyed some of the surrounding space. Here, sociocultural design in the face of the world community has determined the severity of the existing ecologically destroyed territories; according to its definition, it has developed a number of goals to start the search for a solution at this stage. Peter Fink-a modern landscape designer, one of those who specifically defined its direction of activity, highlights the socio-cultural design in the landscape as an integral and faithful way of development of society, the transformation of the surrounding space. The creative activity P. Fink divides into three parts: Animating cities, Placemaking and Green urbanism. According to the given classification, the article considers the world examples of solving sociocultural landscape design.

Work at the height always combined with a drop in the workers and the high level of production traumatism. Therefore researchers always search for means and methods of protection for the workers in order to decrease traumatism. Adoption by the RF Ministry of Labor of new normative documents and approaches in the organization of safe performing of work at the height. Were accepted new rules on the industrial safety measures, including with the work by the height. The introduction of new requirements in the region of industrial safety measures with performing of work at the height requires the revision of approaches to the organization of such works. In the article are proposed new technical equipment for providing of safety of works at the height which they already contain the rigid anchor point, fixed on the support LEP. For creating the anchor device on the support at present the producers of means of protection propose movable anchor devices in essence. They have a number of advantages, but also essential deficiencies. However, device on the support of stationary anchor point on its upper part, which satisfies all requirements of safety with performing of work at the height, is more reliable. The authors proposed the new technical solutions of compiling such anchor points for the airlines of communications and electric power lines. Anchor the points proposed are applicable as for the existing supports, and also can be used already at the stage buildings LEP. The application of such anchor points will make it possible to reduce the level of production traumatism with performing of work at the height.

Neighborhood models are used to represent complex spatially distributed objects and processes, they are a promising direction for modeling such production systems as steelmaking, cement production, wastewater treatment processes and others. In this article, the neighborhood approach is used to model the wear of structural elements of the carriageways of bridge structures. Definitions are given to such concepts as a bridge structure, operational requirement, wear and tear, overhaul. The purpose of the elements of the bridge structure is described, the most frequently encountered defects are listed, which affect the wear of the bridge structure. The main elements of the carriageway, connected with the traffic intensity, are considered. A linear dynamic discrete neighborhood model of the wear process of the elements of the bridge structure is constructed. The average relative error of identification is calculated, a conclusion is made about the adequacy of the constructed model.

The article deals with the results of numerical studies of the operation of bored conical piles in clay soils. Buroinjection conical piles allow, due to the features of the constructive solution and the technology of their manufacture, to significantly expand the scope of their application in the structure of pile foundations. Due to the use of such piles, the material consumption of pile foundations is reduced and the duration of construction of buildings and structures is shortened. Analysis of the technical literature shows that the interaction of boron-injected conical piles with clay soil of the base has not yet been studied sufficiently. The main influence on the work of such piles in clayey soils is provided by the strength characteristics (specific adhesion c, angle of internal friction φ) and the angle of inclination of the lateral face of the conical piles α to the vertical. These data were taken as the main parameters in conducting numerical studies. The article deals with the operation of single boring injected conical piles with a length of 7 to 11 m in clay soils under the action of static compressive loads. To assess the performance of such piles in the Midas GTS PC, a calculation model was developed on the basis of which calculations were made in a nonlinear setting and their precipitation was established. The ground conditions of the construction site were represented by homogeneous clay soils. The results of numerical studies show the effect of the strength characteristics of clay soils (c, φ) and the angle of inclination of the lateral face (α) to the vertical on the sediments (displacements) of the drilling-injection conical piles. Based on the results of numerical calculations and analysis of the obtained data, dependences are obtained that testify to the effectiveness of the application of boring injected conical piles with respect to the cylindrical piles in clay soils.

The article reviews the existing methods for calculating the frozen wall thickness for mine shafts under construction. The hypotheses and assumptions used by different authors for deriving formulas for calculating the frozen wall thickness are analyzed. The classification of existing formulas is made according to two criteria: the boundary state of stress (calculation for strength) and boundary state of deformation (calculation for creep). A quantitative comparison of various formulas for calculating the frozen wall thickness in the boundary state of stress for an elastic-plastic layer of clay is made. It is found that the Lame formula in this case gives an overestimated frozen wall thickness and is applicable only for depths up to 100 m. The Domke formula is applicable at depths up to 200 m. The Vyalov's formula for the design frozen wall thickness calculated from the boundary state of stress is gently sloping with the increase of depth and applicable for large depths. The formulas of Yang and Zhang allow us to reduce the design value of the thickness, calculated by the Vyalov formula, by 30-40% due to the consideration of elastoplastic deformation of thawed soil and also applicable for large depths. It is shown that the design frozen wall thickness, calculated according to the Vyalov formula for boundary state of deformation, can be significantly higher than the thickness calculated from the boundary state of stress, in the case when the soils have pronounced creep. A practical example is given for calculating the thickness of the frozen wall for boundary state of stress and deformation for the constructed shafts for a mine of Belaruskali company.

The problems in the operation of old buildings is the deterioration of the soil characteristics of the base, associated with their soaking due to leakage of communications. Earthworks near such objects should be carried out with the use of technologies that exclude further additional sediment of the existing building. The article presents the results of numerical studies to assess the impact of deterioration of the soil characteristics of the base on the additional sediments of the area in the passage near the trench. When carrying out numerical modeling of soil characteristics for soft-plastic and fluid-plastic soil consistencies are taken on the basis of the results of previous laboratory tests conducted by the authors, for refractory and fluid soil consistencies - based on the values presented in the normative and reference literature. Numerical simulation was performed for two variants of the development of the trench - without the mounting and fastening of the walls. Numerical simulation for the first variant was performed using only the Mora-Coulomb model, for the second - additionally calculations with the model of hardening soil were carried out. The calculations are made for the most unfavorable variants of the location of the soil soaking areas in the base of the existing building, in which the sole of the Foundation is completely located on weak soil. For the case with mounting of the walls was chosen two options for fencing: horizontal, continuous and mixed. In the simulation results were obtained, allowing to identify the most adverse cases of soaking the base, leading to additional precipitation of the building in the development of trenches more than the maximum allowable. It should be noted that the correct choice of soil model is an important task in the performance of numerical modeling. The use of the model of hardening soil in the simulation of the development of the trench allowed to apply the most rational from an economic point of view the type of protection of the pit. It should be noted that if there are areas of soil at the base of the existing building with deteriorated characteristics of the work on the replacement of communications should be accompanied by monitoring of the existing building.