Construction and Geotechnics

The development of new materials involves various problems. The article examines the use of slag binders in road foundations when changing various factors in the processes of hardening of the mixture. The use of slag reduces the cost of road construction due to primeneniya local resources and reduce transportation costs. In addition, reduced harmful impact on the environment. The use of slag also allows you to strengthen various soils in the road base. It is necessary to consider how the hardening slag binders depending on the temperature. Also, the hardening process is influenced by various chemical additives. In practice ustanovleno that perhaps the use of slag binders in road construction in winter conditions, it is necessary to consider that binders, semi shut not water, and aqueous solutions of compounds of alkali metals.

Object of research is training on a workplace of again accepted workers in construction. The reasons of accidents in construction are analysed. Considerable number of accidents in construction happen in connection with defects of organizational character. One of highlights of the organization of safety of work - existence of knowledge of each worker of safe receptions and methods of work. Training on a workplace of again accepted worker - the major obligatory element in system of training in safe receptions and methods of work. At the moment there are no official methodical recommendations about carrying out training on a workplace in construction therefore it is carried out at the enterprises formally and in any format. That training was carried out up to standard, it is necessary to develop and apply programs of training, and also diagnostic cards of passing of training and check of the acquired skills. The technique of check of safe receptions and methods of work at workers of working professions is necessary. Practice shows that bodies of the state control and supervision in the sphere of labor protection when checking pay attention to existence of the documents provided by the legislation on training in requirements of labor protection, but not to presence of the actual knowledge and abilities at workers of working professions. Bodies of the state supervision have to check existence of the actual knowledge and skills that will induce the employer to execution of the real functions on creation of healthy and safe working conditions on workplaces.

The prosadochnost the subaerelnykh of the integumentary clay deposits widespread in peripheral part of the Central Moldavian height in the territory of Northern Black Sea Coast was studied. Convergence of data on the size of a relative prosadochnost and initial collapsible pressure, received by various laboratory and dusty methods of researches was analyzed. The regression equations and adjustment coefficients of interrelation of laboratory and field methods are offered.

In this article the author traces the emergence of engineering education in Russia, referring to the international historical experience. Discusses the origin of the term “engineer”, analyzes the development of the profession of the Builder in Russia and Europe; influence of the ancient canons in the system of training craftsmen and construction business. The author sketches the chronological sequence of the opening of the key Russian and foreign specialized institutions of higher education involved in the preparation of ingineer-builders. The article details the education system, which formed the basis of professional competence, analyses the scope of activities of the civil engineer in Russia in the mid XIX - early XX centuries. On the basis of the examined material, the author makes a conclusion about the peculiarities of training in Russian engineering schools on the basis of historical stages. The article provides details about the education system in construction in the Soviet era, where, along with great achievements in mass training required for construction industry of the national economy in the number of engineering personnel and good quality scientific and technical training, has received less attention General knowledge and knowledge of foreign languages, in contrast to the engineers of pre-revolutionary Russia. Continuing his analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that during its existence, the system of engineering education in Russia has undergone several reforms, which have resulted in the present-moment relationship to the engineer as technical specialist performing a specific, narrow function in the construction industry. In practice, in the new Russian economic conditions, particularly in the small construction companies that are dominant in number over large enterprises, a civil engineer is both a researcher and organizer of the work of a team of other professionals, and head of various scale and purpose of the projects. Modern Russian universities, as a rule, not prepared for this. However, as a possible solution of the given problem, the author proposes to apply to the Western experience and try to reverse this trend in higher engineering education, using practice-proven model from Finland and Germany that would achieve deep cooperation in modern Russian higher education system with the production of construction industry, it is necessary for the decision of problems of the breakthrough development of the entire construction industry in Russia.

In difficult ground conditions, example of which is a water-saturated sandy soil, where it is impossible to arrange an excavation pit with natural slopes, create ground water cutoff. Ground water cutoff prevents the penetration of groundwater and strengthens the walls of the ground and the bottom of the excavation pit before its excavation. The aim of this article is technical and economic comparison of methods for creating waterproof curtain to select the most viable option create ground water cutoff of the excavation pit in a sand saturated soils. As objects of study are considered three special ways to creating ground water cutoff to prevent the inflow of groundwater into the excavation pit: metal sheet piling, jet grouting and artificial freezing of soil. For each of this method the estimated cost of construction and mounting was calculated according to the depth of the excavating excavation pit. The data obtained are analyzed the main reasons for a general increase in the estimated cost of construction and installation work on increasing the depth of the excavation pit. A feasibility comparison of these technologies has allowed to identify the most efficient method of stabilization of water-saturated sandy soil in order to create a waterproof curtain.

When calculating the intradistrict section of sewage system, experts prefer the normative documents regulating the internal design, not the street networks since these areas on the quantity of sewage, and the drainage mode is closer to the inner systems. The main regulatory document in the calculation of the internal systems has been and is currently a SNiP 2.04.01-85 “Internal water supply and Sewerage of buildings”. Additionally, from January 1, 2013 by order of the Ministry of regional development of the Russian Federation enacted a set of rules SP 30.13330.2012 “Internal water supply and Sewerage of buildings” - the updated edition of the same name of the current document. In determining the estimated flows of sewage, the two documents have differences of principle. First, with the introduction of the SP 30.13330.2012 for many urban infrastructure norms of water consumption and wastewater has changed significantly in the smaller side. Secondly, the mode of discharge in these documents are characterized by different parameters: in SNiP 2.04.01-85 - the probability of actions of sanitary appliances, in SP 30.13330.2012 - coefficient of irregularity of discharge, and coefficient lengths of sewer. The method of calculation of the considered objects according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 for a long time. The authors of this article developed an algorithm for determining the estimated flows of sewage in block sewage networks SP 30.13330.2012. Algorithms and examples for the calculation of both regulatory documents; comparative analysis of calculation results. The magnitude of the second maximum of the expenses of wastewater in sections of the network obtained by SP 30.13330.2012 there are less than expenses received by the calculation according to SNiP 2.04.01-85, 1,7-2,6 times that associated with a reduction of water consumption norms and regulatory requirement account the span of the sewer. On the constructive parameters of the intradistrict network, this difference in expenses is not reflected. Necessary and sufficient is the diameter of 150 mm the characteristic values of the gradients are of 0,008 to 0,01.