Construction and Geotechnics

The article discusses the results of research in the field of developing a system that in real time allows you to display and remotely transmit the main technological parameters of indentation of factory-made piles (values of indentation forces, number and depth of immersed piles, their displacement relative to the design position). Unlike existing analogues, it allows you to additionally guide the installation of the indentation on the dive points of piles without instrumental removal of their position on the ground. This is done by orienting the installation through a global satellite navigation system. And the position of the piles is set automatically by calculating their coordinates obtained from the project in dfx format, previously entered into the memory of the on-board computer. The constituent elements of such a system are presented, as well as the interface for setting up and displaying technological parameters. The main technological indicators of the process in remote mode can be displayed on the display of any mobile device. It is shown that the cost of such a system is 8 % of the cost of the installation of the indentation of piles. It has been established that it pays off by reducing costs with the subsequent strengthening of grillage structures. These additional works are eliminated due to the prompt elimination of identified deviations, as well as improving the accuracy of installation of piles in the design position. The article presents an algorithm for performing work when setting up the system, receiving and transmitting relevant information. It is shown which participants at different stages will be involved in these processes. In conclusion, various performance indicators for the implementation of such a system are presented. Based on the results of the timing, it is proved that its use allows to reduce the duration and labor costs of both the production of works and the preparation of executive documentation. In addition, the information obtained can be integrated into the building information model, which will allow analyzing the operational reliability indicators of pile foundations.

In this article, by studying the market for BIM solutions, we analyze the capabilities of the building information model for its compliance with the modern BIM ideology. Development in the direction of supporting the process of building construction: from the moment of the idea of its construction to complete dismantling, the BIM concept also included economic and planned components. At the present stage, the information model should develop and live with the building, even after putting it into operation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the maturity level of BIM solutions in accordance with the current development of BIM technologies at all stages of the building's life cycle. The stages of creating a model are distinguished: drawing up technical specifications for designing, performing engineering surveys, compiling 3 types of information models in accordance with the requirements for the development of the relevant sections of project documentation. The stages of the BIM-model life cycle that need to be improved are identified: operation, dismantling of buildings. The features of compiling information models, existing BIM solutions from various software manufacturers are considered. The comparison of existing BIM-solutions at all stages of creating an information model. For the analysis of BIM solutions, an expert assessment method will be used. A list of indicators and their rating weight for the methodology of expert evaluations is compiled. An assessment of the maturity of BIM-solutions. As a result of the analysis, a graph was compiled that clearly demonstrates the degree of maturity of the information model for the life cycle. The average percentage of development as a result of the assessment is determined. Some BIM solutions raise the question of the appropriateness of their use in the field of BIM technologies.

The article provides information on research in the field of improving weak clay bases by installing vertical soil piles in a shell of geosynthetic materials (geotextile encased stone columns). This method has proven to be effective for strengthening the foundations of large areal objects in certain soil conditions, but has not become widespread as a method for improving the foundations of building foundations, which, among other things, is due to the lack of simple engineering methods for calculating the improvement parameters. The article presents an engineering technique for determining the settlement of shallow foundations on a weak clay base which is improved by the geotextile encased stone columns. The technique is based on considering the elementary cell of the improved foundation for which the pressure distribution in the weak soil and the improvement element is determined by the iterative enumeration process. This distribution should ensure equality of the vertical deformations of the improvement element and the soft soil, which should be the same due to the stiffness of the foundation of the building or structure. The calculation of the deformations of a geotextile encased stone columns is carried out by solving the Lamé problem and the deformations of soft soil by standard methods presented in the regulatory literature. Comparison of the calculation results by the proposed method with the data of numerical modeling in an axisymmetric setting is presented. In the numerical modeling of the soil, the Mohr-Coulomb elastic-plastic model was used. Geosynthetic reinforcement was modeled using a special element that only accepts tensile stresses. The rigidity of the foundation of the base is taken to be infinitely large. The analysis of the presented simulation results showed good convergence of the calculations with the data of experimental studies and the data of numerical simulation using the finite element method.

Geotechnical accidents often occur during road operation. To eliminate their consequences, various measures are required, taking into account the geological features of the site. Three cases of geotechnical accidents of road structures are considered: landslide damage to the bridge cone and the slope of the road embankment; the formation of a local landslide, plastic deformation and loss of stability of the roadbed, settlement of the culvert links; suffusion from the side of the railway cut under the cone of the bridge structure due to damage to the anti-filtration clay screen. In the first case, the reasons for the intensification of the landslide were periodic rises in the level of groundwater, the presence of areas not protected by vegetation, and areas of loose soil. The accident was eliminated by installing an anti-landslide structure made of bored piles, embedded with their lower ends into rocky ground. In the second case, the reasons were waterlogging due to heavy summer rains and melting snow next spring. To eliminate the accident, drainage was arranged in the adjacent territory; the soil was partially replaced, reinforcement with geotextiles was carried out, slopes with a berm were laid, the base of the subgrade was strengthened. In the third case, the removal of soil particles (suffusion) from the side of the railway excavation under the cone of the bridge structure occurred due to damage to the anti-filtration clay screen during the creation of the construction site. After the restoration of the screen and the drainage device, the suffusion was eliminated. The above examples show the importance of engineering and geological substantiation in the design of transport construction facilities.

Rational construction site planning is especially important when building in cramped urban environments. This requires good training of qualified professionals. Currently, the system of higher professional education imposes new requirements on the technologies of vocational training. The introduction of interactive teaching methods and the improvement of the scientific, methodological and material and technical base are the most important stages on the way to the transition to a new level of education. This process is facilitated by practical exercises using electronic reference books and electronic simulators. As an example, the organization of the interactive form of a practical lesson "Designing temporary warehouses for a construction site" is considered. The lesson is part of the course for training specialists in the development of building master plans. The structure and organization of the lesson is described. It includes such forms of interactive teaching methods as mini-lecture, case-method, discussion. During the lesson, students actively participate in the discussion of the issues under consideration. They offer their own options for solving the tasks assigned to them. Consolidation of the acquired skills for calculating warehouse areas is carried out using an electronic simulator. The simulator allows you to optimize the required warehouse area. To do this, the simulator enters the initial data on the materials required for the construction of the facility. The ability to vary various parameters is provided. The simulator makes it easier to assimilate the studied material. The proposed simulator can also be used for practical purposes, for example, for rational planning of a construction site.